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Monday, 31 March 2014
Wednesday, 26 March 2014
Entropy
Does Life On Earth Violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics?=The second law of thermodynamics(the law of increase of entropy) is sometimes used as an argument against evolution. Evolution, the argument goes, is a decrease of entropy, because it involves things getting more organized over time, while the second law says that things get more disordered over time. So evolution violates the second law.There are many things wrong with this argument, and it has been discussedad infinitum. A summaryof the arguments on both sides can be found on the links atwww.talkorigins.org/faqs/thermo.html. These discussions never seem to involve any numerical calculations. This is unfortunate, since a very simple calculation shows that it is physically impossible for evolution to violate the second law of thermodynamics.It is important to note that the earthis not an isolated system: it receivesenergy from the sun, and radiates energy back into space. The second law doesn't claim that the entropy ofany partof a system increases: if it did, ice would never form and vapor would never condense, since both of those processes involve a decrease of entropy. Rather, the second law says that thetotalentropy of thewhole systemmust increase. Any decrease of entropy (like the water freezing into ice cubes in your freezer) must be compensated by an increase in entropy elsewhere (the heat released into your kitchen by the refrigerator).A slightly more sophisticated form of the anti-evolution argument recognizes that the earth is not an isolated system; it receives energy from the sun. But, the argument goes on, the sun's energy onlyincreasesdisorder. It speeds the processes of breakdown and decay.Therefore, even with an energy source, evolution still violates the second law.For the earth, though, we have to take into account the change of entropy involved withboththe absorption of energy from the sunandthe radiation of energy into space. Think of the sun as a heat reservoir that maintains a constant temperature T1= 6000 K. (I am using the absolute, or Kelvin, temperature scale.) That's the temperature of the radiating surface of the sun, and so it's the effective temperature of the energy we receive from the sun. When the earth absorbs some amount of heat,Q, from this reservoir, the reservoir loses entropy:.On average, the earth's temperature is neither increasing nor decreasing. Therefore, in the same time that it absorbs heat energyQfrom the sun's radiation, itmust radiate the same amount of heat into space. This energy is radiated at a much lower temperature that is approximately equal to the average surface temperature of the earth,T2= 280 K. We can think of space as a second heat reservoir that absorbs the heatQand consequently undergoes an entropy increase�.SinceT1is much larger thanT2, it is clear that the net entropy of the two reservoirs increases:Even if it is true that the processes of life on earth result in an entropy decrease of the earth, the second law of thermodynamics will not be violated unless that decrease is larger than the entropy increase of the two heat reservoirs. Any astronomy textbook will tell you that the earth absorbs 1.1 x 1017Joules per second of power from the sun, so in one year we get (1.1 x1017J/sec)x(365 days/year)x(24 hours/day)x(60 min/hr)x(60 sec/min) = 3.5 x 1024Joules of energy from the sun. This corresponds to an entropy increasein the heat reservoirs ofJust how big is this increase? For comparison, let's calculate the entropy change needed to freeze the earth's oceans solid. The heat energy involved isQ= (latent heat of fusion)x(mass of ocean water) =Water freezes at 273 K on the absolute scale, so the corresponding entropy change isComparing with the entropy increase of the two heat reservoirs, we see that this is a factor of (1.6x1024J/K)/(1.2x1022J/K) =�140 larger. Remember, though, thatthe number for the heat reservoirs was for one year. Each year, more entropy is generated. The second law will only be violated if all the oceans freeze over in about 140 years or less.Now, the mass of all the living organisms on earth, known as thebiomass, is considerably less than the mass of the oceans (by a very generous estimate, about 1016kilograms. If we perform a similar calculation using the earth's biomass, instead of the mass of theoceans, we find that the second lawof thermodynamics will only be violated if the entire biomass is somehow converted from a highly disorganized state (say, a gas at 10,000 K) to a highly organized state(say, absolute zero) in about a month or less.Evolutionary processes take place over millions of years; clearly they cannot cause a violation of the second law.
News
Top most shocking and interesting news around Nigeria:1. Fire In CBN Building DestroysAssets Worth Millions of Naira (PHOTOS, VIDEO) >>>http://news.naij.com/62800.html2."God Told Me That Jonathan..." –Prophet Odutayo >>>http://news.naij.com/62862.html3. Ibadan Horror Forest: Another Man Caught Holding Polythene Bag, You'll Be Shocked When You Find Out What's Inside >>>http://news.naij.com/62913.htmlIBADAN FOREST OF HORROR: Tears Of Joy As Victim, Relatives Reunite >>>http://...Continue Reading
Sunday, 23 March 2014
Party
Party was fun i thank for a blissful birthday party...#speecless#had a lot of fun hope you guys did too.mmmmmmwuaah!
Saturday, 22 March 2014
Friday, 14 March 2014
Tuesday, 11 March 2014
update
hello,dear viewers i hereby inform you that my blog is going to be having new features very soon and its all for your convinience features like translator,search engine and so much more will be added.thanks for viewing...#bnd_truthcrew
Monday, 10 March 2014
news
Malaysia 'must intensify jet search'China urges Malaysia to "step up its efforts" in the search for the missing Malaysia Airlines plane that disappeared on Saturday.10 March 2014AsiaNato jets to monitor UkraineborderNato announces it will deploy Awacs reconnaissance planes in Poland and Romania to monitor the crisis in Ukraine.10 March 2014EuropeBayern boss admits massivetax fraudUli Hoeness, president of European football champions Bayern Munich, admits in court that he defrauded the German taxauthorities of 18m euros (£15m;$25m).10 March 2014EuropeIsrael attacks 'hypocrisy' over IranPrime Minister Netanyahu shows his anger at the West as he unveils a shipment of weapons Israel says were being sent from Iran to Gaza.10 March 2014Middle East'Withdraw' major stem cell findingsA Japanese scientist behind a seemingly groundbreaking stem cell study says the findings should be withdrawn amid doubts over its quality.10 March 2014HealthPistorius sick as post-mortem readOscar Pistorius is physically sick during his murder trial as he hears evidence from a post-mortem examination on his girlfriend's body.10 March 2014AfricaSnowden warns of web's 'dark arts'US intelligence leaker Edward Snowden portrays a bleak future for the internet as he speaks via video link to the SXSW festival in Austin, Texas.10 March 2014Echo ChambersUS court ends 'boobies' bracelet banThe US Supreme Court rejects an appeal which sought to ban students in Pennsylvania from wearing controversial breast cancer awareness bracelets.10 March 2014US & CanadaSpain says rubber bullet use wrongPolice should not have fired rubber bullets at migrants during an incident in which 15 people drowned, Spain's interior minister admits.10 March 2014EuropeHead of Cyprus' central bankresignsCyprus' central bank governor, Panicos Demetriades, steps downfollowing a turbulent relationship with the country's government.10 March 2014BusinessGeorge Saunders wins Folio prizeAmerican writer George Saunders is named the first winner of the Folio Prize for his"darkly playful" short stories, Tenth of December.10 March 2014Entertainment & ArtsWorld's largest banana firm createdIrish fruit firm Fyffes and US rival Chiquita are to merge, creating the world's largest banana company.10 March 2014BusinessFeatures & AnalysisArms wide openThe story behind Rio's Christ the RedeemerOne above the restHow China's leader boosted hispower in a year of dogged changeSelling their soul?Barcelona's Neymar approach damaged once untouchable clubThe 'cursed' womenLiving in misery with a condition that's curableAbducted nunsThe man behind Syria's rare prisoner swap...find more at www.bbc.co.uk/news/world/
Thursday, 6 March 2014
Monday, 3 March 2014
worlds fastest car
A supercar has become the world's fastest production modelafter reaching a top speed of 270mph. American firm Hennessey has claimed for some time that its Venom GT is the fastest thing on four wheels.But until now the firm hadn't been able to attempt beating the Bugatti Veyron Super Sport's record-breaking 269mph because it was on VW's private test track.Scroll down for videoThe need for speed: American firm Hennessey has claimed for some time that its Venom GT (pictured)is the fastest thingon four wheels, but now they have managed to prove itWORLD'S TOP TEN FASTEST CARS1. Hennessey Venom GT: 270 mph (434 km/h)2. Bugatti Veyron Super Sport: 269 mph (431 km/h)3. Koenigsegg Agera R: 260 mph (418 km/h)4. SSC Ultimate Aero: 257 mph (413 km/h) and the 9ff GT9-R: 257 mph (413 km/h)5. Saleen S7 Twin-Turbo: 248 mph (399 km/h)6. Koenigsegg CCX: 245 mph (394 km/h)7. McLaren F1: 240 mph (386 km/h)8. Zenvo ST1: 233 mph (374 km/h),9. Pagani Huayra: 230 mph (370 km/h)10.Gumpert Apollo and Noble M600: both at 225 mph (362 km/h)
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